Rhenium Facts (Re or Atomic Number 75)

Rhenium is a heavy, silvery-white transition metal. It has element symbol Re and atomic number 75. The elements properties were predicted by Mendeleev when he designed his periodic table. Here is a collection of rhenium element facts. Rhenium  Basic Facts Symbol: Re Atomic Number: 75 Atomic Weight: 186.207 Electron Configuration: [Xe] 4f14 5d5 6s2 Element Classification: Transition Metal Discovery: Walter Noddack, Ida Tacke, Otto Berg 1925 (Germany) Name Origin: Latin: Rhenus, the Rhine River. Uses: Rhenium is used to make high-temperature superalloys that are used in jet engines (70% of rhenium production). The element is also used to prepare platinum-rhenium catalysts used to make high-octane unleaded gasoline. The radioactive isotopes rhenium-188 and rhenium-186 are used to treat liver cancer and may be applicable to pancreatic cancer. Biological Role: Rhenium serves no known biological role. Because the elements and its compounds are used in small amounts, they have not been widely studied for toxicity. Two compounds studied in rats (rhenium trichloride and potassium perrhenate) displayed very low toxicity, comparable to that of table salt (sodium chloride). Rhenium  Physical Data Density (g/cc): 21.02 Melting Point (K): 3453 Boiling Point (K): 5900 Appearance: dense, silvery-white metal Atomic Radius (pm): 137 Atomic Volume (cc/mol): 8.85 Covalent Radius (pm): 128 Ionic Radius: 53 (7e) 72 (4e) Specific Heat (20 °C J/g mol): 0.138 Fusion Heat (kJ/mol): 34 Evaporation Heat (kJ/mol): 704 Debye Temperature (K): 416.00 Pauling Negativity Number: 1.9 First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol): 759.1 Oxidation States: 5, 4, 3, 2, -1 Lattice Structure: hexagonal Lattice Constant (Ã…): 2.760 Lattice C/A Ratio: 1.615 Sources Emsley, John (2011).  Natures building blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-960563-7.Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997).  Chemistry of the Elements  (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8.Hammond, C. R. (2004). The Elements, in  Handbook of Chemistry and Physics  (81st ed.). CRC press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.Scerri, Eric (2013). A Tale of Seven Elements. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-539131-2.Weast, Robert (1984).  CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.

10 Missing Links in Vertebrate Evolution

The Guanyin The Bodhisattva Of Compassion - 1526 Words

The Guanyin is known as the Bodhisattva of Compassion (â€Å"Fragment of Guanyin of Eleven Heads†). A Bodhisattva is a being â€Å"dedicated to the salvation of everyone; in carrying out this noble task, they choose to become buddhas instead of seeking personal nirvaha [sic]† (Yeu 2). Guanyin is the Chinese name for the Bodhisattva Avalokitesvara (Overmyer 418). The original script describing Avalokitesvara is the Lotus Sutra (Overmyer 419). In the Lotus Sutra, Avalokitesvara is known as â€Å"the Regarder of the Cries of the World† (The Threefold Lotus Sutra 319). The Buddha describes the Bodhisattva Avalokitesvara: If there be countless hundred thousand myriad koÈ›is of living beings suffering from pain and distress who hear of this Bodhisattva Regarder of the Cries of the World, and with all their minds call upon his name, the Bodhisattva Regarder of the Cries of the World will instantly hear their cries, and all of them will be delivered (The Threefold Lotus Sutra 319). The Buddha gives an example of what the Bodhisattva can do. The Buddha says, If, again, there be any man on the verge of [deadly] harm who calls upon the name of the Bodhisattva Regarder of the Cries of the World, the sword of the attacker will instantly snap asunder and he will be set free [sic] (The Threefold Lotus Sutra 320). The Bodhisattva can also help people from non-physical danger as well. The Buddha said, â€Å"If any living beings much given to the carnal passion in mind and revere the Bodhisattva Regarder ofShow MoreRelatedSeated Bodhisattva Avalokitesvara ( Guanyin )982 Words   |  4 PagesSeated Bodhisattva Avalokitesvara (Guanyin). Both these pieces which are statues were sculpted in china. The earliest statue was made during the Tang dynasty. While, the later statue was made during the Northern Song dynasty. These statues were chosen because the same deity is depicted and were made in a similar geographic and cultural location. This allows for the comparison of the different styles between the 2 periods. The statue made during the Northern Song dynasty depicts the Bodhisattva AvalokitesvaraRead MoreReclining Pan in the St. Louis Art Museum2701 Words   |  11 Pagesthat it is now virtually impossible to determine Guanyins true origin. The official Buddhist view is that Guanyin originated with the male AvalokiteÅ›vara, though Guanyins origin may be more complex than this simple, linear derivation. While it is certain that the name Guanshiyin is derived from the name Avalokitesvara.5 According to Mahayana doctrine, Avalokitesvara is the bodhisattvas who has made a great vow to listen to the prayers of all sentient beings in times of difficulty, and to postponeRead MoreFeminism in Chinese Buddhism: Patriarchy versus Non-Duality1271 Words   |  5 PagesThe Bodhisattva of infinite compassion Guanyin (ironically adopted from a male, Indian deity) exemplifies positive feminine values. Bodhisattvas are Buddhist deities who decide to remain in the world to help other beings achieve Enlightenment, in contrast to Buddhas who have attained a total state of Enlightenment and left the world and the endless cycle of birth and rebirth known as samsara. One example of such a story from the Chinese Buddhist tradition showing the compassion of Guanyin is thatRead MoreAlicia Parker. 4/30/17. Exploring Asia . Reflection Paper.1247 Words   |  5 Pagesto the end of suffering†. The concept of the Bodhisattva plays a huge role in Buddhism. Bodhisattvas are beings that strive towards enlightenment. A Bodhisattva can be anyone that practices the ways of the Buddha. Also, Buddhists also believe in the existence of the Celestial Bodhisattva. This concept involves Guanyin and Maitreya. Guanyin, the â€Å"Goddess of Mercy† is a bodhisattva associated with compassion. Maitreya, the â€Å"Future Buddha† is a Bodhisattva that has not yet achieved enlightenment butRead MoreBuddhism And The Society Of Women2034 Words   |  9 Pagesfounder of the Fokuangshan Buddhist order, to organize a renunciation ceremony to reintroduce a bhikkhuni lineage in those countries currently lacking one.† (Buddhism and Women, 2008). Buddha previously said that it was impossible for a woman be a Bodhisattva. Neither can the person rebirth as woman. It is seen as if that person has done something wrong in their past life and that is why they are a woman. â€Å"The cons istent male gender of a bodhisatta is illustrated in hundreds of ja Ì„taka stories, whichRead MoreSimilarities Between The Sui And Tang Dynasty1611 Words   |  7 Pagesaspects of the religion were sinicized. For example, the Bodhisattva of Compassion, or Guanyin, became a woman. A bodhisattva was someone who believed in Mahayana Buddhism, a newer kind of Buddhism, who was so enlightened that they could have escaped reincarnation in their current life but decided to stay behind and help others become enlightened first (2,14). Compassion was a feminine characteristic according to Chinese custom, so Guanyin was believed to be a woman (4,48). Mahayana Buddhism wasRead MoreThe Fourth And Fifth Centuries B.c Essay2169 Words   |  9 Pagesin heavy classical fold resembling Roman togas. As centuries pass, Buddhism would extend from its original focus of the Buddha to include various celestial Buddhas and Bodhisattvas as well as other teachers and thinkers. Unlike the Buddha, who is considered to have achieved a state of complete spiritual enlightenment, Bodhisattvas are individuals who are destined for enlightenment but chose to hold themselves back in order to help others achieve the same goal. Gandharan artist also had many representationsRead More The Relationship Between Confucianism And Buddhism Essay2935 Words   |  12 PagesMahayana that holds huge appeal for lay practitioners thanks to its promise of rebirth in a pure land where one can achieve enlightenment. Avalokitesvara, the bodhisattva of compassion, was also introduced to China around this time. The Chinese would call him, or her since the Chinese frequently depict the deity as female, Guanyin or Guanshiyin. These names are rough translations of the Indian meaning â€Å"the god who hears the cry of man† (Saunders 161). Access to a deity who, unlike the BuddhaRead MoreConfucianism in Journey to the West31834 Words   |  128 Pagesfor your mercy and compassion, master. I beg you to give me a personal name to go with my new surname, then it will be much easier to address me.† çÅ' ´Ã§Å½â€¹Ã¥  ¬Ã¨ ¯ ´, æ » ¡Ã¥ ¿Æ'æ ¬ ¢Ã¥â€"Å", æÅ" Ã¤ ¸Å Ã¥  ©Ã¥ ¤ ´Ã© â€œ: â€Å"Ã¥ ¥ ½! Ã¥ ¥ ½! Ã¥ ¥ ½! ä »Å Ã¦â€" ¥Ã¦â€" ¹Ã§Å¸ ¥Ã¥ §â€œÃ¤ ¹Å¸Ã£â‚¬â€šÃ¤ ¸â€¡Ã¦Å"݌ ¸Ë†Ã§Ë† ¶Ã¦â€¦Ë†Ã¦â€š ²! æâ€" ¢Ã§â€ž ¶Ã¦Å"‰å §â€œ, å† Ã¤ ¹Å¾Ã¨ µ Ã¤ ¸ ªÃ¥  Ã¥ ­â€", Ã¥  ´Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã¥â€˜ ¼Ã¥â€ ¤.†[59] In the series Sun Wukong reacts by kowtowing shortly and shouting: â€Å"Master, master named me! I have a name! Master named me! I have a name!† â€Å"Ã¥ ¸Ë†Ã§Ë† ¶, Ã¥ ¸Ë†Ã§Ë† ¶Ã¥  «Ã¦Ë†â€˜Ã¥â€¢ ¦, 我æÅ"‰å  Ã¥ ­â€"å• ¦, å˜ ¿Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¥ ¸Ë†Ã§Ë† ¶Ã¥  «Ã¦Ë†â€˜Ã¥â€¢ ¦.Ã¥ ¸Ë†Ã§Ë† ¶Ã¥  «Ã¦Ë†â€˜Ã¥â€¢ ¦.† By shortening the dialogue, the retelling omits the reference to mercy and compassion. In contrast, the â€Å"action†

Utilizing Solution Focused Brief Therapy free essay sample

Domestic violence is one of the most pressing issues facing social workers today. It occurs between individuals of all ages and nationalities, at all socioeconomic levels, and in families from all types of religious and non-religious backgrounds (Straus Gelles, 1990; Carter McGoldrick, 1999). Domestic violence remains a significant social and public health problem affecting not just the couple but the entire family as well. Increased parental conflict negatively impacts children’s academic, behavioral and social-emotional functioning and the parents’ well being (Carlson, 2000; Carter McGoldrick, 1999; Lyon, 1998). The overall rate of incident has been found to be similar for city, suburban, and rural communities (Straus Gelles, 1990). According to Carter and McGoldrick (1999), violence is a widespread occurrence in families throughout the life cycle in our society as it is in all other patriarchal cultures. The World Health Organization (2002) cited a study brought together population surveys in 48 countries, which indicated that 10-69% of women reported experiencing physical violence from a male partner at some stage in their life. We will write a custom essay sample on Utilizing Solution Focused Brief Therapy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the United States, approximately 4. million acts of physical or sexual violence are perpetrated against women; while 2. 9 million physically aggressive acts are committed against men each year (Straus Gelles, 1990). The Population Domestic Violence is the most widespread form of violence in the United States and is the major cause of injury to women. In the United States a woman is beaten every nine seconds (Kosof, 1995). According to the first major study of battered women, conducted in 1976, women experienced physical assault in nearly one third of all American families (Kosof, 1995). Every year, an estimated three to four million women in the United States were beaten in their homes by a husband, ex-husband, or male lover (Kosof, 1995). Twenty percent of hospital emergency room visits by women are due to battering. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, in Atlanta, a woman is in nine time’s more likely to be a victim of a violent act in her own home than on the streets (Kosof, 1995). In the same manner, more than fifty percent of all women killed in the United States are killed by their male partners (Kosof, 1995). According to the American Medical Association, certain groups of women are at higher risk for becoming victims of abuse (Kosof, 1995). These include women who: are single, separated or divorced (or planning a separation or divorce), are between the ages of 17 and 28, abuse alcohol and/or other drugs or whose partners do, are pregnant, and have partners who are excessively jealous or possessive. Domestic Violence is a silent epidemic that occurs in all socioeconomic, ethnic, cultural, racial and religious groups. These statistics are frightening, and so too is the life of the person who has been battered or is being battered. The Ecological Perspective According to the ecology of human development an individual is not seen as a passive, static, and isolated entity on which the environment exerts great influence, but as a dynamic and evolving being that interacts with, and thereby restructures, the many environments with which it comes into contact (Gardner Kosmitzki, 2008). The ecological model offers a broad-based conceptualization of domestic violence that takes into account the complex interactions between the individual, the family, the community, and societal risk factors. For example, at the individual level, factors that can increase the level of risk to the victim include substance abuse, unemployment, and poverty, history of abuse as a child, isolated from friends and/or family, and mental or physical disability. These factors increase the likelihood of domestic abuse. However, other factors may be protective and reduce the level of risk to the victim, which include: the victim’s abilities to cope, cognitive abilities, and the presence of social supports or affectionate family ties (Holden Nabors, 1999). In the same manner, in relation to the ecological framework family factors would refer to the processes in the family such as family environment, family interaction, family stressors, and parenting skills. Family stress in conjunction with financial difficulties, chronic poverty and unemployment is one major area that could overwhelm a family’s capacity to function. The stresses and strains of socioeconomic hardship are associated with higher rates of domestic violence (Kaufman Kantor Straus, 1999). Community factors refer to the community in which the family lives, the peer groups of the family members, the formal and informal supports, the availability of jobs, the availability and access to community services (i. e. transportation, mental health services, health care, shelters). Increased levels of neighborhood crime and family poverty can impact and increase the risk and co-occurrence of domestic violence and child maltreatment (Andrews, 1996). At the societal level, the established laws and policies in relations to domestic violence may in fact fail to protect the victim and consequently re-victimize her. For example, domestic violence victims are increasingly being charged for â€Å"failure to protect† even when the partner is abusing the child and the mother (Beeman, Hagemeister, Edelson, 1999). In addition, some states have considered legislation that makes a child’s witnessing of domestic violence a form of criminal abuse (Beeman, Hagemeister Edelson, 1999) and, consequently a reason to remove the child from the home. Finally, due to mandatory arrest laws, dual arrests in domestic violence cases have significantly increased. As a direct result, perpetrators and victims may be treated as indistinguishable and battered women can suffer the same consequences as the batterer (Lyon, 1998). Treatment Approach Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT), also know as Solution-Focused Therapy, Solution-Building Practice therapy was developed by Steve de Shazer (1940-2005), and Insoo Kim Berg (1934-2007) and their colleagues beginning in the late 1970’s in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. As the name suggests, SFBT is future-focused, goal-directed, and focuses on solutions, rather than on the problems. Solution-Focused Therapy operates within a conceptual framework that views people living and creating new narratives about their lives that extend beyond their problem-focused ones. (Cooper Lesser, 2008). It represents a systematic, strengths-based collaborative approach to support individuals, couples, or families. Due to the fact that these systems are interrelated (whether they are individuals within the family or the individual’s personal emotions, cognitions, or behaviors) changes within one-domain effects the other. SFBT conducts the same process regardless of the issues or problems that the individual client brings to therapy. SFBT is an approach that focuses on how clients change, rather than one which focuses on diagnosing and treating problems (Corsini Wedding, 2008). As such it uses the language of change. The signature questions used in solution-focused interviews are intended to set-up a therapeutic process wherein social workers listen for and absorb clients’ words and meanings (regarding what is important to clients, what they want, and related successes), then formulate and ask the next question by connecting to clients’ key words and phrases, continue to listen and absorb as clients again answer from their frames of reference, and once again formulate and ask the next question by similarly connecting. It is through this process of listening, absorbing, connecting, and client responding that social workers and clients together co-construct new and altered meanings that build toward solutions. The major components of SFBT include: (1) Developing a cooperative therapeutic alliance with the client; (2) Creating a solution versus problem focus; (3) Setting measurable and changeable goals; (4) Focusing on the future, through future oriented questions and discussions; (5) Scaling the ongoing attainment of the goals to get the client’s evaluation of the progress made; (6) Focusing the conversation on exceptions to the client’s problems, especially those exceptions related to what they want different, and encouraging them to do more of what they did to make the exceptions happen. According to Trepper, et. al. (2006) the main interventions utilized with SFBT are as follows: (1) A positive, collegial, solution-focused stance; (2) Looking for previous solutions; (3) Looking for exceptions; (4) Questions versus directive or interpretations; (5) Present and future-focused questions versus past-orientated focus; (6) Compliments; and Gentle nudging to do more of what is working. The specific interventions utilized are (1) Pre-session change; (2) (3) Solution-focused goals; (4) The Miracle Question; and (4) Scaling Questions. Implementing SFBT with Domestic Violence Survivors The ultimate goal of the Social Worker to provide a therapeutic context for domestic violence female survivors to re-discover and re-connect with their own resourcefulness in resisting, avoiding, escaping, and fighting against the abuse, develop a vision of a life free of violence, and empower to re-experience their personal power in bringing positive changes in their lives (Lee, 2007). This approach adopts different assumptions and methods in assisting the female survivors to achieve these ends. Rather than building the treatment strategies upon understanding the problem of violence, SFBT suggests a positive change in clients that can occur by focusing on solutions, strengths, and competencies instead of focusing on problems, deficits and pathology (Lee, 2007). The initial step of optimizing the success of solution-focused therapy is based on the Social Worker’s ability to recognize and respect the client’s strengths, abilities, and accomplishments (Lee, 2007). During treatment with a DV survivor, the Social Worker can utilize different questions to assist the client to construct solution patters that does not subject her to violence and abuse in intimate relationships. Exception questions refer to times when the problem is either absent, less intense, or dealt with in a manner that is acceptable to the client. These questions can focus on the times when the client is better able to protect her and to resist, avoid, escape and fight against violence. Outcome questions can be used to assist the client in establishing goals for herself. Outcome questions ask the client to state goals in a positive manner rather than in the negative. In the same manner, coping questions assist the client in recognizing her resources in times of turmoil. Coping questions ask the client to talk about how she manages to survive and cope with the problems. The Social Worker must be careful to focus the question on how the client copes with the abuse because these questions may potentially collude with and therefore, run the danger of reinforcing the abuse. The scaling questions ask the client to rank their situation and/or goal on a scale of 1-10, with 1 representing the worst scenario and 10 representing the most desirable outcome (Lee, 2007). These questions are a simple tool for the client to quantify and evaluate her situation and progress so that she can establish clear indicators of change for herself. Relationship questions ask the client how her significant others are reacting to her problem and solution finding progress. Establishment of multiple indicators of change empowers the client to develop a clear vision of a desired future appropriate to her real-life context. Finally, SFBT utilizes task assignment or homework to help the client identify exception behaviors to the problem for which they are encouraged to â€Å"do more of what works† Conclusion In conclusion, the SFBT techniques encourage the client to be curious about her behaviors and potentials and identify, expand, amplify and reinforce solution-oriented behaviors. The Social Worker begins the therapeutic process by understanding the client’s unique experience of her life situation and battering experience. The Social Worker orients the client find solutions for her concerns. While understanding the client’s construction of her situation, the Social Worker, concurrently asks solution-oriented questions to assess risk and mental health status of the client. Utilizing outcome questions, the Social Worker helps the client establish specific, concrete, goals that are stated as desirable behaviors. The Social Worker continually asks exception, outcome, coping, relationship, and scaling questions to assist the client to construct an alternative reality that does not contain violence in her intimate relationships. The Social Worker then compliments the client on any of her positive behaviors and suggestions that are conductive to her self-defined goals. Effectively utilizing these techniques the Social Worker can achieve the ultimate goal of therapy—empowerment of the client.